The ways Shakespeare presents the character of Viola in Act One Scenes Two and Four Essay Example For Students

The ways Shakespeare presents the character of Viola in Act One Scenes Two and Four Essay Viola makes her entrance into the play in Scene 2, when she emerges out of the sea after a ship wreck. She is distraught the first time we meet her, as she has just lost her twin brother in the ship wreck. The fact that she is so distraught needs to be emphasised in the staging of the play; I think a girly, vulnerable yelp, as well as almost hysterical tears would be appropriate. This is the only time in the play where Viola is openly female and vulnerable and therefore I feel that this needs to be emphasised to the audience. We will write a custom essay on The ways Shakespeare presents the character of Viola in Act One Scenes Two and Four specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the most interesting questions I had about Viola was why she did not go home after the ship wreck. It cannot be that she did not have enough money, as we know she does, For saying so theres gold. It also could not be that home is too far away, as Orsino had been mentioned by her father, I have heard my father name him. I think that the reason Viola does not go home is because there is nothing left for her there, as we know her father has died, My father had a mole upon his brow. We can tell this from the use of the past tense. Her mother is also not mentioned at all in the play, apart from in a figure of speech by Sebastian. Therefore I feel that Viola has no family left in where she lived before, so she would have no need to go back there. Another reason I feel she would not want to go back to her home country is that if she was there she would have to mourn for her brother in the way Olivia has to mourn for hers. Viola would not like to mourn for her brother the way Olivia is; as it would not be for herself it would be for other people. This therefore shows the contrast between the two womens ways of mourning. When the captain tells Viola that Olivia has also lost her brother, Viola instantly sees a parallel between them and wants to go serve her, O that I served that lady. This shows Violas instinctive to help others and her natural urge to care for others. She wants to help Olivia get through what she is also going through. The captain tells Viola that there is a chance that Sebastian, her brother may have survived, I saw him hold acquaintance with the waves/So long as I could see. I think the reason he says this, whether it is necessary true or not, is because he saw that Viola was ready to throw herself back into the waves, as she was without her brother. However by saying this, the Captain is giving Viola some hope to cling on to. Viola is so glad that she gives the captain some gold. I think the essential role of the captain in the play is to lift the spirits of Viola, so the play does continue and she does decide to live on. He is also there to create a parallel between the relationship of Viola and the captain and Sebastian and Antonio. The captain and Viola are shown to get on well, but like Antonio with Sebastian, the captain will do anything for Viola. As well as showing this through the words, Shakespeare also shows this through use of language, In Scene 2 the question of why does Viola cross dress is raised. For me there are many reasons why Viola does this. There are first the more practical reasons of as a man it is easier to find work and there is the obvious advantage of more freedom. However, as Viola is the daughter of someone important, and she herself is a noblewoman, she could go tell people who she really is and be helped by them. Therefore I think Viola chooses to be in disguise so she can mourn alone and in her own way. .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .postImageUrl , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:hover , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:visited , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:active { border:0!important; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:active , .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989 .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0f88dfcfc94b8085f09800453f99989:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare And His Theater EssayThere is also the factor that as she will be busy being a servant and will not have time to dwell on thoughts of her brother. It is as if she is trying to create a safe haven for herself to recover in. She is making herself invisible to the rest of the world till she is ready to face them as herself again. By dressing up as a man Viola is also essentially becoming Sebastian, as she will look like him and when she looks in the mirror she will see him. It is a way of combining herself and her twin into one body and letting him live on. I think it is important that this part of Scene two where she decides to live as a man in Illyria is staged appropriately so it does not seem too much of a random thought for Viola to have. The way I would do this is by having Sebastians trunk on the edge of the shore, as though it has drifted in from the shipwreck. This way it will look as though Viola has seen the trunk and as well as getting memories of Sebastian from it, she will also think of this idea of cross dressing to be a man. It will also emphasise the fact that when she is cross dressing she is trying to let Sebastian live on in the exterior of herself. In Scene 4 Viola makes her second appearance in the play apart from this time she is a man; Cesario. She is also with Orsino, whom she is now a servant for. This is an important transformation; not only will she have to act appropriately, but her costume should also realistically show her to be a girl dressed up to be a boy in the dress of the time, but also so people would not know she was a girl. At the time Twelfth Night was first performed the person playing Viola would have being a boy playing a girl playing a boy. This would be perhaps even more confusing for the audience and may have even made it harder to stage. I would dress Cesario in a simple costume like one that a servant in the Elizabethan times would wear. The reason I think it should be simple is that so it is realistic; in many productions I have seen the costume that Cesario is wearing is too fancy for a boy and a servant. Another important aspect of the staging in this scene is how to stage the relationship between Orsino and Cesario. The reason this is so important is because of the sexual ambiguity in the relationship between Orsino and Cesario. To show this sexual ambiguity I would create sexual tension on stage by making it seem awkward when they sit next to each other on a bench. This sexual ambiguity is shown through the fact that after only three days, already Orsino has told Cesario all about his love for Olivia because he has been so impressed by him. The love between could be seen as platonic or perhaps even paternal as Cesario is a lot younger than Orsino. However for me the love between them is a sublime platonic love with a hint of homoerotic. The fact that Orsino has told Cesario all this shows that Cesario inspires trust. We can also see this from the fact that Orsino trusts Cesario to go tell Olivia how he feels, but this could also show Orsinos idleness. In Scene 4 Orsino asks Cesario to go tell Olivia how he feels for Olivia; sending messengers, instead of going yourself was a traditional aspect of courtly love. I think Orsino has chosen Cesario to do this job because not only does he trust him, but he sees in Cesario himself in his youth. Orsino may think that Cesarios youth would be a good portrayal of him and may make Olivia associate Orsino with Cesarios youth. It is also interesting to note how Viola reacts to this proposal of Orsinos. She does not seem to keen, I think not so, my lord. Orsino can see the failings of Orsinos plan already; she is more perceptive and is showing her female intuition. .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .postImageUrl , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:hover , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:visited , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:active { border:0!important; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:active , .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7 .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd663130ccd84c130bf51b524ebd01a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Main Themes in "The Merchant of Venice"Scene 4 ends with the rhyming couplet; Yet, a barful strife!/Whoeer I woo, myself would be his wife, spoken by Cesario/Viola. This reminds the audience that Cesario is a girl and lets the audience know Violas feelings for Orsino, adding more confusion to the already confused plot. She notifies the audience that her feelings will make wooing Olivia on behalf of Orsino an even more of a difficult task than it already is. However Viola is still going to carry out this task showing her braveness, as well as how she would do anything for him. It is an almost selfless act, as if she does manage to make Orsinos love for Olivia requited, she will never have her wish of marrying him. In conclusion I think Shakespeare presents Viola in a brave, caring way, which has led to her being considered as one of Shakespeares golden girls. She is almost shown to be a heroine. The reason I think she has being presented by Shakespeare like this is to show the contrasts in the Elizabethan society between people of different natures as well as status. The fact that Viola decides to cross dress also ties in with it as the fact she that she is brave and a conformist, as this is what she is doing when she cross dresses. However I do feel that for all these ideas about Violas character to come across affectively to the audience these scenes need to be staged appropriately.

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The Anatomy Of The Larynx And Its Role In Phonation Why are hoarseness and change to the pitch of the voice possible complications of thyroid surgery? Complications of thyroid surgery resulting in hoarseness and changes to the pitch of the voice are a result of injury to the laryngeal nerves. Laryngeal nerve damage can have an adverse effect on the muscles that move the vocal folds (cords), hence affecting the quality of voice. Although incidence of nerve injury during thyroid operations has decreased over the last two decades(*), appropriate precautions are routinely implemented during thyroid surgery, to minimise nerve damage. The thyroid vessels are closely associated with the laryngeal nerves. Therefore, an important consideration in achieving successful thyroid surgery is the detailed understanding of the anatomy and physiology (*) of the larynx and thyroid, coupled with the surgical approach itself. 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Sound is produced when the adductor muscles such as the cricoarytenoid muscle contract. The vocal folds are then brought closer together which closes the rima glottidis thereby providing high resistance to exhaled air from the lungs. Air is then forced through the bottom edge of the vocal cord followed by the upper edge. As air passes through the vocal folds the air pressure decreases producing a Bernouli Effect* which causes the lower edge to close followed by the upper edge and finally closing the vocal folds back together. Closure of the vocal folds produces smooth, regular vibrations that create sound. Sound is then converted to voice by vocal tract resonators which shape the sound to produce various resonances. Changes to the pitch of voice depend on the degree of tension and length of the vocal folds. Alterations to pitch are largely due to actions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, namely the cricothyroid muscle. The cricothyroid muscle stretches the vocal ligaments by raising the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilting the lamina backwards (*) and thereby increasing the tension and length of the vocal folds (*). Therefore, contraction of the cricothyroid muscle abducts the vocal folds so that when they vibrate, high pitched sound is produced. By contrast, production of lower pitch sounds require the vocal folds to adduct, narrowing the rima glottidis and thus decreasing vocal fold muscular tension. Nerve supply to the larynx relations to thyroid gland Below the larynx lies the thyroid gland which is one of the larger endocrine glands with an abundant vascular system. The thyroid gland descends to the anterior region of the neck located deep to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles from the level of C5-T1 (*). It consists of two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus that lie on the left and right side of the trachea. There may also be a small pyramidal lobe which has its superior end ascending from the isthmus towards the oblique line. A thin fibrous capsule encompasses the thyroid gland which expands into deeper parenchyma (*) of the gland. The capsule combines with the cricoid cartilage by dense connective tissue forming the suspensory ligament of Berry. Once the ligament of Berry is formed, the RLN can gain access into the larynx (*). Innervation of the larynx is important in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain. The vagus nerve innervates the larynx via the external and internal laryngeal nerves, which are collectively terminal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), and via the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the RLN except for cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the external LN. 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It is termed recurrent because it retrogrades in the chest and continues superiorly back into the neck (*). A close association exists between the superior region of the RLN and the inferior thyroid artery. Like the SLN and the superior artery, this relationship is highly variable. The RLN can be found anterior, posterior, or through the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The course of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the RLN reaches the larynx through slightly different routes. The right recurrent LN reaches the larynx after looping around the right subclavian artery and ascending at an oblique angle in the tracheosophageal groove (*). The nerve pierces the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx before entering the larynx. The left RLN route differs by looping posteriorly around the aortic arch, but like the right RLN, it ascends in the tracheosophageal groove (*) until reaches the larynx via the inferior constrictor muscle. The two main divisions of the RLN are the anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch supplies motor fibres to all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles with the exception of cricothyroid( which is supplied by the external LN). The posterior branch is predominantly sensory and transports the sensory fibres from the larynx and laryngopharynx(*). Injury to laryngeal nerves during thyroid surgery The laryngeal nerves carry a high risk for injury during thyroid surgery which manifests voice problems such as changes in pitch and hoarseness. It is well documented that thyroidectomy is the most common cause of injury to the external LN (*). The close relationship that exists between the external LN and the superior thyroid artery predisposes the external LN to injury when the artery is clamped during thyroid surgery. Injury to the external LN results in paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle, coordinator of the vocal folds. Patients with external LN damage lose the ability to forcefully project their voice and additionally lose their upper voice register. This is due to loss of function of the cricothyroid muscle to alter the tension of the vocal folds. Occasionally, the voice becomes monotonous in character. The effects of injury to the external LN are generally subtle and unnoticeable in patients except for those whose careers largely depend on the use of their normal voice such as professional singers and orators(*). Voice function returns to normal after a few months after surgery unless injury to the external LN is permanent. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is still of major concern in thyroid surgery, as it is the most frequent post-thyroidectomy complication (*). Injury to the RLN frequently results from common surgical techniques such as suturing, crushing and ligating the nerve and its neighbouring branches. The clamping of the RLN together with the inferior thyroid artery during surgery can severely damage the RLN due to the close proximity of the RLN to the inferior thyroid artery. Seeing as the main functions of the RLN is to innervate the laryngeal muscles and permit abduction and adduction of the vocal folds, injury of the nerve results in paralysis of the vocal fold. In unilateral RLN paralysis, where for example the RLN is completely transacted (*), the voice immediately becomes hoarse because the paralysed vocal fold assumes a paramedian position. The lack of nerve supply results in cord flaccidty in which the paralysed vocal fold gradually atrophies. In addition, the vocal fold is unable to adduct for phonation, and abduct for deep breathing causing inadequate closure of the rima glottidis. Therefore, air will escape during phonation thereby leading to dysphonia (hoarseness). Dysphonia may either stay permanent or decline over time (*).Bilateral lesion of the RLN, however, has more serious complications. The patient with bilateral paralysis have both vocal cords in a paramedian position (*) and cannot be abducted upon inspiration leading to airway obstruction. As a result the patient exhibits biphasic stridor (*) which causes a high-pitched voice and noisy breathing. In the rare occasions the vocal fold will remain permanently paralysed after thyroid surgery and patients may experience a complete loss of voice. Possible techniques to minimise nerve damage Preventing inadvertent injury to the SLN and RLN is crucial in achieving successful thyroid operations which maintains the patients quality of voice. Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the laryngeal nerves is a way of identifying and monitoring the course of the RLN and SLN and thus, preventing its iatrogenic injury during surgery. Patients with unilateral paralysis of the RLN can undergo ansa-RLN reinnervation. Reinnervation restores tone and bulk to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and hence restores a relatively normal voice,without interfering with the vocal fold function or structure. Conclusion The laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve. With the exception of the cricothryoid muscle, the RLN innervates the laryngeal muscles which coordinate the vocal folds for phonation. Evidently, the relationship between the RLN and the SLN and the laryngeal muscles are of great importance because damage to the laryngeal nerves result in changes in voice quality. The close relationship between the thyroid vessels and the laryngeal nerves is a primary reason why meticulous techniques are essential in thyroid surgery, to minimise injury to the laryngeal nerves and prevent voice complications. Surgical management of the complications in thyroid surgery have recently experienced great improvements(*) which safely restore the patients normal voice improving their everday life. Fig.1 Anterior and posterior view of the larynx6 Fig2. (Left) anterior view of thyroid gland http://www.trifoundation.com/gfx/ Thyroid_Diagram.jpg REFERENCES Drake,R.L.,Vogl,W and Mitchell, A W M Grays Anatomy for medical students.Elsevier, Churchill, Livingstone 2005 Tortora, G.J., Derrickson,B, Prezbindowski,K.S. Learning guide: Principles of anatomy and physiology, eleventh edition , Wiley 2006 Bliss, R.D., Gauger, P.G and Delbridge, L.W. Surgeons approach to the thyroid gland: surgical anatomy and the importance of technique. World journal of Surgery 24 (8) 891-897, 2000 Chan,W.F.,Lang,B.H.H. and Lo,C.Y.The role of intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy: a comparative study on 1000 nerves at risk. Surgery 140 (6) 866-873,2006 Lee,W.T., Milstein,C.,Hicks,D.,Akst, L.M. and Esclamado, R.M. Results of ansa to recurrent laryngeal nerve innervation. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, 136(5) 450-454, 2007 Moore,K.L and Dalley, A.F. Clinically orientated anatomy.5th edition Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2006 Gosling, J.A, Harris P.F., Whitemore, I, Willan P.L.T. Human anatomy color atlas and text,fourth edition, Mosby 2002 Kumar P, Clark M, Clinical Medicine, sixth edition, Elsevier Saunders 2005 Tenta,L.T, Keyes G.R., The otolaryngologic clinics of north America. Volume 13/Number 1, February 1980 www.blackwell-synergy.com http://www.gbmc.org/voice/anatomyphysiologyofthelarynx.cfm Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D , Werner Ingbars the thyroid : a fundamental and clinical text, 8th ed. c2000

Free Will Versus Determinism Essay -- essays research papers

Free Will Versus Determinism The controversy between free will and determinism has been argued about for years. What is the difference between the two? Looking in a dictionary, free will is the power, attributed to human beings, of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate or divine will. Free will allows free choice. Yet, determinism is the total opposite. Determinism has this definition: The philosophical doctrine that every event, act, and decision is the inescapable consequence of antecedents that are independent of the human will. Determinism states that humans have no free will to choose what they wish. That seems real extreme and harsh. Even though this is what determinism is, doesn't mean that the determinists are trying to steal your freedom. It's only what they believe because of religion and cause and effect. In religion, many people believe in the existence of a god supports determinism. The basis of god is that he is all-knowing and all-powerful. If free will is allowed, there would be decisions and actions in which God could not know due to the person's choice. This would limit God's omnipotence, which is unacceptable to some. The other argument for determinism is causation, or causes and effects. This argument depends on relationships that should happen with the same results every time, such as a baseball breaking a window, breaking the window. Basing on this, everything in the universe has a cause. And if all the causes and the events were known, then it would be possible to easily predict the future. If everything can be foreseen, then this proves that nothing that anyone does can change the courses of the future. This, of course, is not possible. Determinism says that what you do can be the cause of what your life turns out to be. This can be true. Yet, you can act otherwise that would steer you off that path of where your life was heading. Common sense tells us that we can change, which determinism opposes to. It also says that if we feel we are not forced, we could have acted differently. That is why I choose to side with free will. Determinism has too many extremes and limits that, already shown, is not possible in this world. Free will is the mind's ability to choose with intelligence. That doesn't mean that our choice has all the freedom in the world. Our choices cannot and ob... ...ermined by previous events. Therefore we can not change our behavior. Previous events do affects us; we cannot ignore that. But, like the previous examples, if the previous events' consequences were not good, we would mostly likely change, unless that individual was deranged. These arguments on free will definitely does not pertain to all people. Everyone is different. Yet mostly likely, individuals think towards free will. An implication to determinism is that man becomes nothing more than a puppet. That may sound cruel, but it is true. Under the rules of determinism, man must go by past events, doing the same thing he did in the past, right or wrong. He can not change his behavior, unable to let out his emotions. The man has become a puppet, being controlled and restricted. And in everyday life, determinism does not exist in most lives. It is logical and reasonable to say that the all of free will is a measure of our humanness. Whatever we choose will effect our future. But we will base our decisions on what we feel is right, taking in our moral feelings. Free will is a measure of self-determination that people feel themselves to possess and by which they make moral judgments.

How an HR Practitioner ensures the services they provide are timely and effective Essay

Prioritising Conflicting Needs The needs of customers may sometimes be conflicting (for example, managers want production results and longer working hours whereas employees want more time off and focus on work/life balance). HR would ascertain which demands were the most urgent and important, taking into account the ease and speed of dealing with each issue whilst maintaining focus on the overall needs of the organisation. It is important to keep all customers informed of what HR can provide in the way of services and set realistic expectations. HR needs to be flexible, easy to contact and able to respond swiftly and effectively. However on occasions where the customer’s need cannot be dealt with promptly, a full explanation must be given along with estimated timescales for resolution. Effective Service Delivery Delivering Service On Time By prioritising needs, HR can ensure that issues are handled according to urgency. For example, taking into account the effect of each request on the business and considering: Maintaining the wellbeing of employees Organisational mission, policies and values Meeting performance demands Current legislation Satisfying the demands of internal stakeholders (employees, board members, and management) and external stakeholders (trade unions, shareholders, partners, job applicants). HR good practice would involve developing a case record that could be reviewed to check progress, looking at areas of responsibility and delegation of tasks to ensure needs are dealt with punctually. Plans would be reviewed and updated at regular intervals to check progress and consider any changes in the situation. Delivering Service on Budget At all times HR must consider the financial implications of delivering service by liaising with finance/accounts departments and ensuring service is provided within budget limitations. It is also important to have a clear record of all resources available to the organisation to protect against unnecessary spending. For example, consider using in-house services as more cost effective than buying services in from outside the organisation. Dealing with Difficult Customers Dealing with difficult customers can have a range of implications to staff and the organisation. HR needs to consider: Where difficult customer behaviour may arise and where it would be considered a risk Suitable support for staff and managers handling difficult customers in line with company procedures, such as case conferences or guidance. Consider the needs of external customers including unions and contractors. The most frequently reported difficult customer behaviours are: Verbal Abuse – swearing, arguing, offensive remarks. Hostile Behaviour – body language, threatening gestures. Physical Abuse – that may result in injury Ideas for dealing with difficult customers may include: Keep concise records and ensure these are discussed openly with the customer. This ensures they are aware that their behaviour will be on file and they cannot deny their actions in the future. Adjust to their character; communicate in a way that fits their personality to make them feel more comfortable and avoid confrontation. Always follow correct organizational procedure. Customers will be less likely to dispute actions taken in line with guidance/ law. Ask questions, listen carefully, show an interest in the individual, use non-threatening body language and maintain eye contact. Keep level head and do not respond to their negative emotions or abuse. Never make promises! Handling and Resolving Complaints HR will handle complaints on a formal or informal basis. Each situation must be dealt with promptly as it arises and be handled in a fair and consistent manner. Regular interventions or an open door policy can encourage employees to talk about problems before they escalate. HR should clearly communicate the policy for raising a grievance (eg informal complaints, written complaints, how complaints may be escalated and estimated timescales). Explain that the organisation values it’s customers and wishes to resolve any problems that may arise. Ensure customers feel assured that their issues will be taken seriously and dealt with confidentially and encourage customers to feedback any issues before they intensify. Methods of Communication Effective communication between all stakeholders is vital to ensure all interested parties are informed and involved in the decision making process. The method of communication used depends on the customers needs, the type of information and how much information they need, and how the customer is likely to react to the information also. (Bad news is best conveyed in  person rather than in writing to allow questions and discussion to take place). Three Different Communication Methods Method of Communication Advantages Disadvantages Email Fast and convenient Can be sent at any time of day/night Cheap Can be sent to individuals or groups Attach files & share information Can be encrypted to send confidential information Confirmation of delivery/reading can be set up Conversation/information is recorded in writing Recipient has time to respond Relies on recipient having access to email account Not suitable for group discussions Less personal & may lead to misunderstanding May have long wait before getting a reply Computer viruses Telephone Easily accessible to most people everywhere (mobile) Conversation can be private, or conference call Ideal if a fast response is required Messages can be left on answerphone Person may be engaged/ have no signal, so unable to take call Mobile/Overseas calls can be expensive It is not easy to record the conversation Spoken information only, cannot share images, documents etc Cannot interpret body language Face to Face Immediate feedback Can read body language or facial expressions Can share documents/images and discuss Builds stronger relationships Good for delicate situations Logistics-may prove difficult/expensive to get participants together in one place No record unless note-taker present, so conversation not accountable Discussions may become heated Reference http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse_new/communication/comm_methods/miniweb/pg3.htm http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/hmrc/getting-the-message-across-the-importance-of-good-communications http://davidlivermore.hubpages.com/hub/Difficult-Employees

Case 1.11worldcom

Question 1: The definition of assets is in FASB Concept Statement 6, paragraph 25: Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events.Paragraph 26 then describes the trio of characteristics that qualify an item as an asset: an asset has three essential characteristics: (a) it embodies a probable future benefit that involves a capacity, singly or in combination with other assets, to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash inflows, (b) a particular entity can obtain the benefit and control others’ access to it, and (c) the transaction or other event giving rise to the entity’s right to or control of the benefit has already occurred.Question 2: The capitalized line costs were operating expenses and should not have been treated like a capital asset. On the one hand, one of WorldCom's major operating expenses was its so-called â€Å"line costs. † These were fees paid to thi rd party telecommunications network providers for the right to access the third parties' networks. Under GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), these fees cannot be capitalized.They must be taken as immediate expenses and subtracted from income. On the other hand, the increased line cost lies in the long-term, fixed-rate leases for network capacity WorldCom initiated in order to meet the anticipated increase in customer demand. And as later the demand was not as expected, the Company has to pay for the leases that were substantially underutilized to avoid punitive termination provisions.The line costs that WorldCom capitalized were ongoing, operating expenses that accounting rules required WorldCom to recognize immediately. Instead of expense the cost currently, WorldCom capitalized it to exaggerate its pre-tax income. Future economic benefit is the essence of an asset. WorldCom capitalized excess capacity costs that were not generating revenue, which violates GAAP. Expens e or a loss would be recognized upon evidence that previously recognized asset benefits would not be realized.

Deciphering the Genetic Code o essays

Deciphering the Genetic Code o essays Ill be the first to admit it, Im a skeptic of the worst kind; its just my nature, I guess. So, I guess it goes without saying that Im not impressed with all the recent hype about the Human Genome Project. People have gone so far as to hail the HGP as the cure for all of mankinds ails. Even with advance technology that allows scientists to map the genome sequence of a human being, we have failed to find a cure the common cold. And yet, scientists feel confident that the tools needed to treat genes involved in diseases will likely be developed within the next twenty years. My response Ill believe it when I see it. While I do not dispute of importance of this project and its ability to revolutionize biological research and medicine, I chose to look at a similar project that has had a significant impact on agriculture the completion of a plants genetic map. In 1996, a $70 million dollar project was started to map the genetic sequence of a plant. Drawing heavily on research done by the HGP, scientists on three continents worked in collaboration on the project, which was completed this past December. The complete genetic code of Arabidopsis thaliana was published in the December issue of the scientific journal, Nature. Researchers working the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan selected Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of the mustard family and a cousin to the cauliflower plant, over approximately 250,000 other species because the weed, more commonly known as thale cress, contains all the chromosomes of a more complex plant but is biologically simple. Each plant has 25,000 genes located on 5 genes; these genes contain about 117 million chemical base pairs (corn, on the other hand, has about 3 billion base pairs). In addition to its relative biological simplicity, the plant grows quickly, producing as many as eight generations in a single year. ...

Managing the National Health Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Managing the National Health Service - Essay Example This paper approves that the company saw an immediate turnaround as employees started being more productive and the same evaluations were carried out throughout the company where they could be applied. The company discovered that it could restructure a few departments which led them to greater efficiency and it led them closer to their mission. It is perfectly understandable that removing people from service and more or less eradicating a whole layer of middle management can be an important issue for the NHS. As described by Proctor, such changes can have a negative effect on the knowledge contained within the company and can also harm workforce structures in connection with the skills that some of the employees have. Additionally, it must be noted layoffs and removing redundancies can be a part of the restructuring experience but it can also lead companies and their employees to have issues concerning work overload, high stress levels, loss of company vision/values, poor decision ma king and even corporate in fighting. This essay makes a conclusion that Britain prides itself to be one of the few real welfare states left in the western world and that pride owes a lot to the services provided by the NHS. However, the NHS has a lot of issues it needs to correct since the calls for privatisation of this institute as well as other changes to be brought to the structure of the organisations have been made. As far as it can be seen, the NHS has two options, it can either change itself to be in line with the changes that have come to society or it can be forced to change through government regulations and the demands of the people.

Description and comparison of Women's colonial dresses for daily work Essay

Description and comparison of Women's colonial dresses for daily work and outings - Essay Example They often put on a shawl to hide a part of the exposed neckline. The lower garment was very heavy and full. During the earlier period, women used to put on one or more petticoats underneath the dress to give it the characteristic wide shape. Petticoats were worn to offer warmth. There was a turn in the 1700`s, women began to put on hoops which had been made of whalebone underneath these skirts and dresses. For the next couple of years that followed, hoops of diverse forms were a frequent phenomenon of women’s clothing (Erickson 125). Characteristically long dresses also referred to as Mantua were worn during this time. They were mostly put on during the evening for charity events, balls and when on outings. These gowns were comprised of a bodice that enclosed a corset. In addition, ribbons, nettings and laces decorated the dresses. Mature women wore short-sleeved dresses that were low cut thus revealing the bosom. On the other hand, young girls were often advised not to reveal their cleavage. The skirts and dresses were ankle long and covered the petticoat though it was still visible at the hemline. Whenever women were outdoord, flat hats with wide brims and bonnets were worn. The very first Mantua’s emerged during the late 17th century as a more comfortable option to the separate skirts and the boned bodices that were popular at the time. Its basic features were cuffed sleeves, elbow length and the overskirt was characteristically drawn back over the hips to reveal the petticoat underneath. In the mid 1700s, the Mantua had changed to a more official variation that was worn for court dress. The overskirt draping became progressively more stylized, and the back panel nearly became hidden (Fisher 56). Even though the woman`s dress was basically and widely worn, it had quite a number of variations. For the women who worked, theirs was a plainer garment that was made of wool, linen, or heavy cotton. This was so because these fabrics